Abstract—Titanium dioxide (TiO
2) is one of the most efficient
light scattering pigments known to man, and as a result it is
widely used to deliver opacity, especially in paint formulations.
However, due to the cost of TiO
2, dwindling resources, and an
energy intensive manufacturing process which produces
undesirable by-products, substitutes are required to maintain a
source of white pigment in the future and to comply with
changing sustainability legislation. Many substitutes exist,
including kaolin (both untreated and calcined), and hollow latex
spheres. These, along with other alternatives, are reviewed.
Index Terms—Opacity, paint, pigments, titanium dioxide.
M. J. A. Ruszala is with the University of Birmingham, Edgbaston,
Birmingham, United Kingdom B15 2TT, and AkzoNobel, Wexham Rd,
Slough, United Kingdom SL2 5DS (e-mail: mjr178@bham.ac.uk).
N. A. Rowson and L. M. Grover are with the University of Birmingham,
Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom B15 2TT.
R. A. Choudhery is with AkzoNobel, Wexham Rd, Slough, United
Kingdom SL2 5DS.
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Cite: M. J. A. Ruszala, N. A. Rowson, L. M. Grover, and R. A. Choudhery, "Low Carbon Footprint TiO2 Substitutes in Paint: A Review," International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 331-340, 2015.