Abstract

The ongoing climate and energy crisis have become more prevalent than ever. Photovoltaic (PV) technologies directly convert incident solar radiation into electricity, offering a highly efficient and promising method for harnessing solar energy. Recently, a novel semiconductor known as organic-inorganic hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells (PSCs) has emerged as the most promising candidate for the next generation of PV devices due to their cost-effectiveness, simple fabrication process, and impressive Power Conversion Efficiency (PCE). However, several critical issues still remain, among which, the hysteresis effect is a phenomenon unique to PSCs. It results in unstable power output, misleading PCE, and rapid degradation of the solar device, making it a major challenge hindering the global commercialization of PSCs. Ion migration has been identified as the primary cause of the hysteresis effect in PSCs. As a result, the proposed solution involves the use of halide engineering to perform interfacial modification of the Electron Transport Layer (ETL). The findings revealed a consistent reduction in the hysteresis effect across all modifications, with InF3 emerging as the most effective among the various chemical additives employed in the ETL.